Warships steam over the horizon of their chests flying banners of great waterways that would ideally open the world to commerceSuez Canal (completed in 1869) and Managua Canal (projected through Nicaragua to link the Caribbean and Pacific oceansan undertaking later transferred to Panama). In this French cartoon from a special issue titled, La Guerre (War), a missionary and a Red Cross representative lament the violent and un-Christian behavior of Westerners overseas. Titled Dream of the Empress of China, the dream is an obvious nightmare, as the sardonic sub-caption makes clear. Colonial success is equated with chivalry and invincibility.. Wilhelm points ahead, where the inhabitants flee. The strategy was among several emerging in these small wars of the turn of the century. The Philippines are diminished as Only the Stepping-Stone that enables the U.S. to reach the eagerly anticipated China market. Esherick, Joseph. The Harvest in the Philippines. Frederick Thompson Richards,Life, July 6, 1899. The image is ironically paired with a quote attributed to an Official Report to the War Office that says iron railing through which an electric current runs makes the healthiest and safest fences., Les Progrs de la Science (The Advances of Science). The caption, titled The First Duty, carries this subtitle: Civilization (to China)That dragon must be killed before our troubles can be adjusted. In its final issue for 1899a time when the U.S. suppression of Filipino resistance was at its peakPuck turned to a feel-good holiday graphic to reaffirm this theme of the bounty promised to newly invaded countries and peoples. Foreign buildings and churches were torched and the Beijing-Tianjin railway and telegraph lines were dismantled, cutting communication with the capital. In the background, the artist placed a large portrait of a large man, Marcus Hanna, next to a miniature of President William McKinley to show their relative influence on policy. Case Study: The Boxer WarThe Boxer Uprising.Online Encyclopediaof Mass Violence(July 23, 2008). ), Is This Imperialism?: the Boxer Uprising. A Rival Who Has Come to Stay: Naval Power. Periodicals likeLifein the U.S. (predecessor to the later famous weekly of the same title), as well as French and German publications, printed both poignant and outraged visual arguments against the imperialist tide, often with acute sensitivity to its racist underpinnings. Two years ago the main street of Manila did not possess a single saloon. The U.S. entered the elite group of world powers with victories in the Spanish-American War (written in the clouds over the naval battle on the right). The language obviously resonated with the Kipling-esque imagery of white men bringing enlightenment to new-caught sullen peoples, half-devil and half-child. People of darkness was, moreover, a perception that missionaries (whom Twain excoriated) routinely applied to the heathen natives of non-Christian lands. At the same time, Britain was fighting the Anglo-Boer War in South Africa. The caption reference to harvest surely carried multiple meaning to many ofLifes American readers. The link between U.S. conquest of the Philippines and the lure of the China market was widely acknowledged at the time, and no one rendered this more vividly, concisely, and admiringly than the cartoonist Emil Flohri. The material on this site is distributed without profit to those who have expressed a prior interest in receiving it for research and educational purposes. Vol. In Kiplings often-quoted phrase, this noble mission required willingness to engage in savage wars of peace.. The violence applied to these aims both in bodily harm and cultural ruin was only part of the hypocrisy. A number of critical cartoons of the time addressed the unsavory behavior of the civilizers themselves, and the disparity between doctrine and actions. 202-212 (September 2010). 8, Issue 4, pp. Civilization and trade went hand in hand in turn-of-the-century imperialism. Despite public neutrality, the U.S. and Britain covertly supported each other. The U.S. appears to be carried by the Philippines, Great Britain by India, and Germany by Africa. XII, No. Imperial and Anti-Imperial Constructions of Civilisation: Engagements with Pre-Modern Pasts., Ricard, Serge. The caption reads: The Stranger: How long have you been civilized? These more critical graphics did not exist in a vacuum. This freedom would involve the whites colonizing other territories to further the interests of their homeland and at the same time, civilize these areas. The wall sign overhead reads: The Confederate States refused their consent to be governed; but the Union was preserved without their consent. The class holds schoolbooks labeled Alaska, Texas, Arizona, California, New Mexico. Blackboard text: The consent of the governed is a good thing in theory, but very rare in fact. White people who out of the goodness of their hearts decide to volunteer to do charity work for minority communities or 3rd world countries, or even Western organizations who do charity work are accused of being white saviors by the Left. A mound of scribbled papers from an overflowing wastebasket testifies to the coercion exerted upon him to induce cooperation. He is greeted with open arms by a mandarin and Wanted signs articulating prodigious opportunities for business. Painting carried a portfolio inscribed Light. The Battle of Omdurman in September 1898in which British forces retook the Sudan using Maxim machine guns to inflict disproportionate casualties on native Mahdi forceswas followed almost immediately by the Fashoda Crisis with France, in which the British asserted their control of territory around the upper Nile. One victim of the UK Blair torture regime Fatima Boudchar was actually pregnant when kidnapped along with her husband for rendition. Imperialism was not only economic and political, but also cultural. Gillams sub-caption is All this for politicsis civilization advancing?. The "white man's burden" refers to the duty of Westerners to the rest of the world. Contemporary wars in the Philippines and Transvaal (the Boer War) comprise the foreground of the Think It Over battlefield. Civilization and barbarism were vividly portrayed in the visual record. Given the rhetoric of civilizing uplift used to justify expansion, training was expected as part of the incorporation of new territories into the U.S. 203228. Probably the oldest perspective on An Atlantic Triangle in the 1900s: Theodore Roosevelts special relationships with France and Britain.Journal of Transatlantic Studies,Vol. One cannot imagine a blunter caption than the one that accompanied his 1900 cartoon forJudge: And, after all, the Philippines Are Only the Stepping-Stone to China. In Flohris image, Uncle Samheavily laden with steel, railroads, bridges, farm equipment, and the likegives a cursory nod to the spread of civilization by grasping a book titled Education and Religion. The confident giant is greeted with open arms by a diminutive yellow-clad Chinese mandarin. Just as a thousand years ago the Huns under their King Attila made a name for themselves, one that even today makes them seem mighty in history and legend, may the name German be affirmed by you in such a way in China that no Chinese will ever again dare to look cross-eyed at a German. Having defeated China in 189495, Japan is presented by Columbia (the U.S.) to her closest ally, Britannia (Great Britain). Jean Veber,LAssiette au Beurre, September 28, 1901. 5 vols. as early as 2000, in blowback: the costs and consequences of american empire, johnson predicted that the american empire was going to face considerable resistance around the globe in the form of terrorism and social unrest. The 1901 date indicates that the specific reference is to Allied reprisals against Chinese civilians following the Boxer Uprising. In Library of Congress notes on this image, the seated figure on the left is identified as Minervathe Roman goddess of wisdom, arts, and commerce. May 26, 2022. This superiority, obviously leads to a moral responsibility of the superior to uplift and civilize the inferior. This ca. Revell, 1904). Simultaneously, the war against Spain in Cuba and the Caribbean saw the U.S. seizure of Cubas Guantanamo Bay in June, giving the U.S. a naval base retained into the 21st century. The Native: Ever since my home was burned to the ground and my wife and children shot. Frederick Thompson Richards,Life, October 18, 1900. On the contrary, they reflected intense debates about civilization, progress, and the white mans burden that took place on both sides of the Atlantic. Presence of a German fleet lent evidence to one of the justifications the U.S. gave for war with Spain, that is, to protect the Philippines from takeover by a rival major power. The graphics include pillage, rape, and wanton executions. 8, No. As a long-established world empire, Great Britain held sway over some 12 million square miles and a quarter of the worlds population. Supporters of imperialism in Europe and the United States believed that imperialism helped their colonies because it brought new technology and growth. Boxers practiced spirit-possession rituals, often meeting in Buddhist temples, and attacked Christian missionaries and Chinese converts. Mother countries would often build schools, railroads, and improved communication, along with new medicines and treatments. The conduct of foreign troops in China was targeted in a searing cartoon by the French artist Thophile Steinlen. Weber, Mark. President McKinley at the Conference of Foreign Missions. The fallen man clasps the flag of the Philippine independence movement, inscribed with the words Give Us Liberty. His hat quotes the most famous phrase in the U.S. Raising money to Save the Foreign Devils recurs in the visual record. The argument follows Englands example, as spelled out on the blackboard, that By not waiting for their consent, she has greatly advanced the worlds civilization. An African-American washes windows. The book on the desk reads: U.S. By the spring of 1900, Boxer attacks were spreading toward the capital city of Beijing. Uncle Sam breaks up a fight between students identified as Cuban Ex-Patriot and Guerilla in his New Class in the Art of Self-Government. The famous white-haired general, Mximo Gmez, a master of insurgency tactics in the Cuban Independence War (18951898) reads a book with his name on it. But just take a look at the class ahead of you, and remember that, in a little while, you will feel as glad to be here as they are!. TexasandU.S.S. wotever ll become of my ship-building monopoly, if that there Yankee is going to turn out boats like that right along? Louis Dalrymple,Puck, July 24, 1895. Long May It Wave. Includes bibliographical references and index. Though the Process Be Costly, The Road of Progress Must Be Cut, states that progress must be pursued despite suffering on both sides. The caption refers to a Bible passage in which belief is nearly, but not completely reached. This unit examines cartoons from the turn-of-the-century visual record that reference civilization and its nemesisbarbarism. To the Person Sitting in Darkness.The North American Review. Hanna was a wealthy businessman with investments in coal and iron who financed McKinleys 1896 election campaign with record-breaking fundraising that led to the defeat of opponent William Jennings Bryan. The blackboard contains the lessons learned from Great Britain on how to govern a colony and bring them into the civilized world, stating, By not waiting for their consent she has greatly advanced the worlds civilization. On May 1a month before the celebratory second magazine cover reproduced here was publishedCommodore George Dewey destroyed a Spanish fleet in Manila Bay in the Philippines. In the West, China was often characterized as befuddled and archaic under the rule of an inscrutable crone, the Empress Dowager. The banners of both side pronounce fidelity to the golden rule., Boxer banner (Chinese forces flags): Do not do unto others what you would not that others should do unto you. Jean Veber,LAssiette au Beurre, September 28, 1901. Jean Veber,LAssiette au Beurre, September 28, 1901. The penetration of missionaries into the interior of China, for example, destabilized rural economies and incited anti-foreign sentiments. Three overlapping turn-of-the-century conflicts in particular stirred the righteous rhetoric of the white imperialists. Even the language of Lifes caption is subversive, for it picks up a famous pro-imperialist speech by Theodore Roosevelt titled The Strenuous Life. Delivered on April 10, 1899, two years before Roosevelt became president, the most famous lines of the speech were these: I wish to preach, not the doctrine of ignoble ease, but the doctrine of the strenuous life, the life of toil and effort, of labor and strife; to preach that highest form of success which comes, not to the man who desires mere easy peace, but to the man who does not shrink from danger . Case Study: The Boxer WarThe Boxer Uprising., Matthews, Roy T. Britannia and John Bull: From Birth to Maturity., Miller, Bonnie M. The Image-Makers Arsenal in an Age of War and Empire, 1898 1899: A Cartoon Essay, Featuring the Work of Charles Bartholomew (of the, Murphy, Erin L. Womens Anti-Imperialism, The White Mans Burden, and the Philippine-American War,, Phillips, Richard and Jones, Rhys. Britain stepped in to defend the rights of the immigrants, known asuitlanders(foreigners) to the Boers. Long-standing personifications and visual symbols for countries were used by cartoonists to dramatize events to suit their message. The graphics protesting U.S. actions in the Philippines were particularly biting, as seen in a page satirically titled Lucky Filipinos. Rising from the flames of a burning home, a skeletal apparition represents the hundreds of thousands of Filipinos killed in the U.S. campaign. Robert L. Gambone in his 2009 book,Life on the Press: The Popular Art and Illustrations of George Benjamin Luks, describes the cartoon as follows: The Way We Get Our War News (The Verdict, August 21, 1899, front cover) excoriates military press censorship, a supremely ironic development given the appeals to freedom used to justify the war. Uncle Sam and President McKinley countered the assault under another American flag on which was inscribed Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness under treaty rights. The cartoon caption reflected Americas self-image as a reluctant civilizer: Is This Imperialism? (ISSN 1961-9898). Silence). The poem acknowledged the thanklessness of a task rewarded with The blame of those ye better, The hate of those ye guard and sentimentalized the savage wars of peace as self-sacrificial crusades undertaken for the greater good. The turn-of-the-century visual record tells us otherwise. Source:Bibliothque nationale de France, In this cartoon from the French special issue on concentration camps in the Boer War, a gaunt Britannia is the only living creature in a vast graveyard for dead British soldiers. W. H. P. Signs of Promise., Jones, Toby Craig. The British people had a long history of supporting imperial wars and as the conflict escalated, criticism in cartoon form declined and was supplanted by patriotic messages. Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (2014). The caption, From the Cape to Cairo. Western leaders eagerly embraced the doctrine of the white man's burden because it was a convenient justification for their expansionist policies. Stark images such as these helped make public a subject that was generally suppressed. A cartoon published in May, 1899 over the caption And Peace Shall Rule offered a female angel of peace flying over a globe (turned to Asia and the Pacific) hoisted by John Bull and Uncle Sam. Business and government colluded with the military in silencing press coverage of the poor conditions suffered by American soldiers, including scandals around tainted supplies, and the grim realities of the Philippine-American War itselfcensorship that foreshadowed the broader excising of the unpleasant war from national memory. All Missionaries and Converts Being Exterminated. America in the China Relief Expedition(Kansas City: Hudson-Kimberly publishing company, 1903). Notre site en Franais: mondialisation.ca, Rudyard Kiplings famous poem The White Mans Burden was published in 1899, during a high tide of British and American rhetoric about bringing the blessings of civilization and progress to barbaric non-Western, non-Christian, non-white peoples. When applied to people and cultures, the survival of the fittest doctrine gave wealthy, technologically-advanced countries not only the right to dominate backward nations, but an imperative and duty to bring them into the modern world. Barbarism lies at the base of the mountain to be climbed by Uncle Sam and John Bullwith civilization far off at the hoped-for end of the journey, where a glowing figure proffers education and liberty. The fifth stanza of Kiplings poem refers to an ascent toward the light: Barbarisms companion attributes of backwardness, spelled out on the boulders underfoot, include oppression, brutality, vice, cannibalism, slavery, and cruelty. 2. By not waiting for their consent she has greatly advanced the worlds civilization. Oer The Land of the Free and the Home of the Brave? Around 1904 or 1905in another impassioned response to the American war in the Philippines (which officially ended in 1902 but in practice dragged on for many years thereafter)Twain penned a short essay titled The War Prayer. The essay is now regarded as an exemplary indictment of blind patriotism coupled with religious fanaticism. Looming on the left, the Eastern Question refers to the long-standing British confrontation with Russia in the Balkans that would soon extend to conflict over Britains Cape to Cairo strategy in Africa. In the United States, the most famous counter-voice to Kipling and his white mans burden rhetoric was the writer Mark Twain. In often searing graphics, they challenged the complacent propagandists for Western expansion by addressing (and illustrating) a devastating question about the savage wars of peace. The U.S. conquest of the Philippines, coupled with the multi-nation Boxer intervention in China, prompted Twain to become an outspoken critic of America plunging into what he denounced as the European Game of overseas expansion. This French cartoon eschews the romantic presentation in the preceding Puckgraphic and casts a far more cynical eye on Anglo-American expansion as fundamentally a matter of conquest. The White Mans Burden was used by both pro- and anti-imperialist factions. Misery Loves Company: Parallel Colonial Wars (1899-1902). In the final years of the Civil War, U.S. naval power was second only to the great seafaring empire of Great Britain. 301-314 (2010). Maineexploded and sank in the harbor at Havana. We are making such material available to our readers under the provisions of "fair use" in an effort to advance a better understanding of political, economic and social issues. copyright owner. Native people in the countries that were being colonized did not agree with imperialist policies. There should be no problem designing a flag for the conquered Philippines, he opined in drawing his biting essay to a close: we can have just our usual flag, with the white stripes painted black and the stars replaced by the skull and cross-bones.. Copy of White Man's Burden Analysis.pdf - Perspectives on the White Mans Burden Directions: In 1899, British poet Rudyard Kipling wrote The White | Course Hero. As the disturbance escalated, so did news coverage around the world. gma news pagasa weather update today 2021. Newly conquered populations, described in the opening stanza as your new-caught, sullen peoples, half-devil and half-child would need sustained commitments to serve your captives needs.. It is all too easy to assume that Americans, English, and others on the home front could not see what their nations were doing overseas. Pro-imperialist cartoons often depicted the West as literally shining the light of civilization and progress on barbaric peoples. Missionaries preaching the Gospel in rural China violated local religious practices. Source: Widener Library, Harvard University, The barbarity of imperial war is displayed on a battlefield littered with dead soldiers of many nationalities that stretches from contemporary warshere, the Philippines and Transvaal (Boer War)back through time to Roman Wars. The sub-caption of this 1900 Judge cartoon once again asks the disturbing question: is civilization advancing?. Le Silence (Concentration Camps in the Transvaal. In mid 1899,Lifepublished this chilling view of the war in the Philippines that was to drag on for several more years. Source: Widener Library, Harvard University, U.S. President William McKinley is depicted as a preacher standing on a dead Filipino, grinding his heel into the mans face. Mott, Frank Luther. 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