Translation on Find a Grave is an ongoing project. If any one out there can assist in obtaining them, please email. In that decision we offered a number of reasons for rejecting the claim that an erroneous denial of a challenge for cause was reversible per se; the most important, we said, was that "the error here did not result in a jury particularly apt to impose the death penalty, and there is no indication that the jury before which defendant was tried was anything other than fair and impartial." [40] The jury found 38 special circumstances. Brand's interviews with Bittaker during his final years in prison are the basis of the special. The Supreme Court reasoned that the right of peremptory challenge is not itself of constitutional dimension; it is a means to protect the constitutional right to an impartial jury. (Ibid.) Defendant maintains that a single erroneous denial of a challenge for cause is prejudicial; the Attorney General argues that since defendant received two extra peremptory challenges, he must show that at least three challenges were improperly denied. Officer Valento explained this to [48 Cal. Juror Walker opined that in a death penalty case, the standard of proof should not be that of reasonable doubt, but absolute proof. A while later Norris returned alone, and told defendant that Hall could find her own way home. FN 34. Rptr. See other search results for Shirley Lynette Ledford Ready to discover your family story? Because it was equivocal, the judge did not err in finding it insufficient to require her dismissal for cause. 224, 591 P.2d 514], however, the court criticized the use of the "instrumentality of the crime" theory to justify the search of an automobile. Upon returning two hours later defendant showed Norris eight photographs he had taken. As we have noted, the agreement called for full and complete testimony. Rptr. The coat hanger was still wrapped around her neck. Oops, we were unable to send the email. He continued: "Has he earned the death penalty for the barbaric and callous nature of his crimes which has shocked the public conscience and greatly affected all of us? Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our, Press J to jump to the feed. On September 27, 1979, defendant and Norris attempted to abduct an unidentified woman, but she dodged behind the van and escaped. "Now obviously I don't think in this case that it's even close. [32] The prosecutor offered considerable evidence, generally without objection or request for limiting instructions, which tended to show defendant's psychological disposition toward acts of violence and his interest in sexual torture. This flower has been reported and will not be visible while under review. 890, 583 P.2d 748]; People v. Carmichael, supra, 198 Cal. At one point he asked her, what are you sniveling about?. By 26 May 2022 scott lafaro accident 26 May 2022 scott lafaro accident They then drove to a remote area, and started to torture her, Bittaker immediately turned on the tape recorder and started slapping and beating Shirley. The court, however, failed to instruct the jury at the penalty phase that before it could consider these crimes as aggravating factors, they must find beyond a reasonable doubt that defendant committed the crimes. He argues that because defendant's mental state was not in issue, Dr. Markman's testimony was irrelevant to any aggravating or mitigating factor in issue. But although we thus conclude that the prosecutor's comment was improper, since it does not come within the scope of Caldwell, supra, 472 U.S. 320, defense counsel's failure to object is fatal to his contention. defendant said that kidnapping with bodily harm carried a sentence of life imprisonment without possibility of parole. The defense contended that Norris, not defendant, was responsible for the murders. On cross-examination, defendant acknowledged that he had begun writing a book, and had shown drafts to a newspaper reporter and a guard. Thus while the instrumentality doctrine justifies the officer's entry into the van to search for bloodstains and other evidence of Ms. R.'s rape, it may not in itself justify the search of the van for other objects not attached to or part of the van itself. 2.20.) 2d 410, 100 S. Ct. 2395] [warrant required to view films lawfully in possession of Federal Bureau of Investigation].) 464-473), only four members of the court [48 Cal. Rptr. You already receive all suggested Justia Opinion Summary Newsletters. After holding Shirley Ledford in the van for nearly two hours, Norris ultimately killed Shirley by strangling her with a coat hanger. FN 17. 3d 1066] (At this point, according to Douglas, defendant tortured Gilliam. We concluded, "[t]his proposition implies a corollary: 'the extent to which [these effects] are minimal will be a function of the extent to which the questioning is minimized.'" Six months after we filed People v. Steger, however, People v. Wiley (1976) 18 Cal. (h).) 354], quoted in People v. Perez (1962) 58 Cal. Receive small business resources and advice about entrepreneurial info, home based business, business 3d 1107] appropriate penalty. 3d 865 [183 Cal. We agree with defendant that this instruction was erroneously incomplete. Thus the police seizure of defendant, whether preceded or followed by an announcement of purpose, was justified by the circumstances. Does anyone actually believe that life imprisonment without possibility of parole is punishment for Mr. Bittaker? Lynettes autopsy revealed blunt force trauma to the head, face, and breasts, and her left elbow was completely shattered. After describing defendant's life in prison, the prosecutor continued: "Make no mistake about it, ladies and gentlemen, a sentence of life imprisonment without possibility of parole for Lawrence Bittaker in this case would be a total complete victory for him. On appeal, defendant alleges that he was denied effective assistance of counsel evidenced by his counsel's failure to object to the searches at issue on the following additional grounds: (1) the seizure of items not specified in the warrant exceeded the scope of the warrant; (2) some of the items authorized for seizure by the warrant were not supported by probable cause; and (3) the warrant for seizure of "sexual literature" was impermissibly overbroad. Lloyd Carlos Douglas testified that defendant told him in detail of the abduction of Gilliam and Lamp, the rape and torture of Gilliam, and the murder of both girls. Searches pursuant to a warrant of defendant's van, storage boxes, and jail cell. 849] and People v. Rousseau (1982) 129 Cal. 3d 1069] into the mountains, engaged in various sexual acts, and took pictures. Shirley Ledford's body was discovered shortly after she was killed. (Id., at p. 305, italics added.) Bittaker and Norris The Tool Box Killers, here to read the Transcript of Shirley Lynette Ledford audio recording. [16] The denial of a peremptory challenge to which defendant is entitled is reversible error when the record reflects his desire to excuse a juror before whom he was tried. (People v. Lo Cigno (1961) 193 Cal. 3d 1084] 617, 367 P.2d 33]: "[C]ounsel for a defendant in a capital case has the right to question the prospective jurors on voir dire for the purpose of ascertaining whether any would vote to impose the death penalty without regard to the evidence in the event of a conviction. Since the error is not of constitutional dimension, the appropriate test of prejudice is the "reasonable probability" test set out in People v. Watson (1956) 46 Cal. 3d 749, 770-771.) After the girls entered the van, Norris hit Lamp with a sap (a plastic bag filled with lead weights), then subdued and tied Gilliam. Rptr. Rptr. 3d 1108] 190.3, the prosecutor told the jury: "Now here's the real important paragraph. 637, 709 P.2d 440]. Your email address will not be published. 3d 1067] when Norris said they were killed. Prosecution witnesses were equally tainted: the jury learned of Norris's prior rape conviction and Lloyd Douglas's convictions for manslaughter and burglary. Lawfulness of search of impounded van. Norris described the other photographs, which showed Hall nude in various poses. 485, 423 P.2d 557]; People v. Sesslin (1968) 68 Cal. Since that classification is a technical one, which would have to be explained to the jury, and when explained would add little to the case, we believe the trial court's ruling was within its discretion. Even though defendant's original request, unlike his later motion, was not accompanied by a request for continuance, the trial court could reasonably fear that granting the request would delay proceedings. fn. When directly questioned on her ability to reach a decision strictly based on the evidence presented in court, she indicated her belief that she could do so. Shortly after beginning his argument, he asked the jury: "What penalty has Lawrence Sigmond Bittaker earned in this case? 2d 418 [67 Cal. He argues that the testimony was improper under Evidence Code section 730 because defendant did not put his mental state in issue. 294.) Rptr. Disqualification for cause must ultimately rest on the existence of preconceptions which will prevent a decision from being reached based on the evidence and the instructions of the court. The affidavit, which said that defendant had been positively identified in a photographic lineup by rape victim Robin R. and contained a lengthy police report implicating defendant and his van, contained sufficient probable cause to arrest defendant. Defendant now renews his claim that the court erred in denying the challenges for cause to five jurors. 3d 1075] pistol, and chemicals. [O]ne of the questions I do remember was about listening to gruesome testimony. On Halloween night, 1979, at approximately 10:30 p.m. Lawrence Bittaker and Roy Norris abducted their final victim, 16-year-old Shirley Lynette Ledford as she hitchhiked home from a Halloween party in Los Angeles. Defendant then signed it "Pliers Bittaker," a jail nickname he had acquired from his stories of torturing women with pliers. 861, 635 P.2d 455].) 3d 1063]. 11 After Norris was arrested by the Hermosa Beach police, Sergeant Bynum directed the police dispatcher to request the Burbank police to arrest defendant on the warrant which Sergeant Bynum held. Under section 987.9, a motion for expenses must be made by written affidavit, and must be heard by a judge other than the trial judge. Rptr. Appellate counsel argues that with a better copy, an expert might be able to show some other origin for the background noise. Teale, supra, 70 Cal. Juror Hein formed an opinion of the case based on reading newspaper accounts. [17a] This reasoning necessarily implies that an erroneous denial of a challenge for cause can be cured by giving the defendant an additional peremptory challenge. Most of the killings involved the rape and torture of the victims. ", Finally, after reviewing the evidence in the case and discussing the statutory factors, the prosecutor concluded: "What has this monster earned? cemeteries found within miles of your location will be saved to your photo volunteer list. Notify me of follow-up comments by email. The prosecutor returned again and again to this topic, asking defendant nine times where the photographs were; each time defendant refused to reveal their location. ", FN 11. It is apparent, however, that defendant was not prejudiced under any applicable standard of prejudice, for while defendant disputes how many victims were tortured, it is undisputed that whatever torture was inflicted was done for a "sadistic purpose. Are you sure that you want to delete this memorial? He correctly identified a photograph of Gilliam. This language suggests that the jurors do not have the ultimate burden of determining whether defendant should live or die. When answers were ambiguous, the judge sometimes asked further questions, but did not permit counsel to ask questions on this subject. Are you adding a grave photo that will fulfill this request? 28 The prosecution objected to taking the original tape from the court, and the court refused to permit any copying. 3d 912, 924 [92 Cal. One older case, People v. Freeman (1891) 92 Cal. (See Walter v. United States (1980) 447 U.S. 649 [65 L. Ed. 3d 749, 770 and cases there cited) or can justify his failure to do so (People v. Box (1984) 152 Cal. FN 4. WebThe murders of Cindy Schaeffer, Andrea Hall, Leah Lamp, Jackie Gilliam, and Shirley Lynette Ledford. 35. On September 2, 1979, Jacqueline Gilliam, age 15, and Leah Lamp, 13, were hitchhiking in Redondo Beach. (We express no opinion as to whether the evidence might also be admissible to prove identity under Evidence Code section 1101.). (North, at p. Please reset your password. Rptr. Under these circumstances, it is most unlikely that the jury would have been led by the prosecutor's explanation of the decisionmaking process to refrain from considering whether defendant's conduct warranted the death penalty, and induced instead to engage in a dispassionate analysis of the statutory factors to confirm that the aggravating predominate by at least 50.1 to 49.9 percent. [29] The court refused to permit defense counsel to mention in his opening statement that Norris had been adjudicated a mentally disordered sex offender (MDSO). 79-80. Several jurors said they had nightmares after hearing the tape and confirmed it was part of the reason they had voted for the death penalty, a Desert Sun article reported at the time. He didn't say that he couldn't do it." App. This browser does not support getting your location. Gage's own testimony is conflicting. 3d 749 [251 Cal. 2d 497, to uphold the seizure of magazines and paraphernalia and a loaded revolver from a van belonging to the defendant, who was accused of molesting children and photographing them in his van. This is a carousel with slides. Juror Staggs had heard something about the case on television and in the newspaper. (P. 467, 455 P.2d 395]. [Citation omitted.]'" The rebuttal testimony of Dr. Markman. The men threw both bodies over an embankment into the chaparral. Rptr. (P. We think this is not a reasonable interpretation of the agreement. 83, 759 P.2d 1260]. The court replied, " that's true. Following defendant's arrest, Officer Valento informed defendant that he was under arrest for robbery, rape, and "288." 866, 647 P.2d 142] (see People v. Valenzuela (1984) 151 Cal. Defendant suggested dumping the body in someone's front yard so they could see the reaction in the newspaper. Belief in the truth of the assumption that sentencers treat the power to determine the appropriateness of death as an 'awesome responsibility' has allowed this Court to view sentencer discretion as consistent with the Eighth [Amendment] ." (Pp. FN 28. Defendant drove by and offered her a ride, but she refused. 640, 640 P.2d 776].). During voir dire, Kuriki stated that she did not think that she could be fair, because she would get emotionally involved. In the most recent decision, People v. Kronemyer (1987) 189 Cal. It is unclear exactly what the "additional evidence" was, but the implication is that it was evidence other than that resulting from the various scientific tests conducted on the car itself. (People v. Hill (1967) 66 Cal. 79.) Rptr. Likewise his failure to object to the allegedly improper argument bars that issue on appeal. Defendant bought a van, choosing one with sliding doors to make it easier to seize a victim and drag her into the van. You can always change this later in your Account settings. After finding several letters from Richard Shoopman to Norris and defendant during the search of Norris's residence, the police became interested in the extent of Shoopman's knowledge of and possession of evidence of the alleged crimes. 3d 526 [179 Cal. (P. Further, in People v. Rogers (1978) 21 Cal. [43] Defendant argues that since Dr. Coburn examined him at counsel's request, Dr. Coburn's opinions were protected by the attorney-client privilege. Murder of Shirley Lynette Ledford - Tool Box Killers - Behind History 2d 216, 222 [13 Cal. fn. Once an individual is arrested and is before the magistrate, the 'complaint' is functus officio ." (Fn. DESPICABLE PAIR BOTH DEATH. Defendant drove to another place, said he wanted to rape Hall again, and again took her to a hill near the road. fn. 2447].) Rptr. 569, 373 P.2d 617, 3 A.L.R.3d 946].) Defendant and Norris picked them up in defendant's van. After reading a list of the 11 statutory factors under section [48 Cal. 2. Use Next and Previous buttons to navigate, or jump to a slide with the slide dots. On another occasion she heard a tape, apparently the recording of the rape of Gilliam, which defendant played for her. No animated GIFs, photos with additional graphics (borders, embellishments. Real-Time Avsnitt som spelas nu. fn. The prosecution then called another psychiatrist, Dr. Markman, in rebuttal. [22] We have previously discussed the voir dire of Juror Porrazzo, and noted that her answer to a question asking whether she would automatically vote in favor of death was equivocal. An autopsy revealed that, in addition to having been sexually violated, [41] Defendant presents a variety of arguments attacking the admissibility of Dr. Markman's testimony, but all boil down to the claim that to the extent the testimony went beyond the 1974 offense it was not proper rebuttal. 3d 500, 510 [119 Cal. FN 13. And a chance to spread his tales of torture and violence and bloodshed to other adoring prisoners such as the Richard Shoopman type who will some day be paroled to prey on the young girls in our society? 340, 426 P.2d 908]; see People v. Valerio (1970) 13 Cal. Questions and comment on defendant concealing evidence. Lynette told him, Ill scream if you stop hitting me., But Norris didnt stop. According to Norris, it impressed defendant as an instantaneous, quiet, and relatively painless way of killing, but as defendant said, in reality it was not that easy. Finally, the jury found at least 14 valid special circumstances -- far more than is found in most death penalty cases. This account already exists, but the email address still needs to be confirmed. [45] The prosecutor argued, without objection, that the jury should impose the death penalty to deter felons from murdering their victims. (Italics added.) The book itself was not put into evidence. That anyone could take such great pleasure from causing people such great pain and suffering just boggles my mind. Defendant drove to a secluded area, stopped, and drew a knife. 12 After receiving no response from within the motel room, Officer Valento knocked two more times. Evidence of the Malin incident was excluded at the preliminary examination but defense counsel did not move to dismiss or strike the accompanying overt-act allegation. ", This court has held that sections 844 and 1531 are "identical in principle,"so although section 844 does not expressly require notice of the arresting officer's authority, this type of notice is "an integral part of the rule stated in section 844." Nye observed expressly that the trial judge had excused only those jurors whose answers made their disqualification unmistakably clear, and said there was no need for further examination of those particular jurors. The evidence was graphic and compelling, [48 Cal. 3d 512. Norris had pleaded guilty and agreed to testify against Bittaker in order to avoid the death penalty. Defendant contends that subsequent searches of his van, storage boxes, and jail cell, done pursuant to a warrant, were unlawful. Norris strangled her with a wire coat hanger. 3d 1102] and People v. Talamantez (1985) 169 Cal. The misconduct, however, could have been cured by timely objection and admonition. The prosecution did not introduce the book in its case-in-chief, but made use of it, over defense objection, in cross-examining defendant. Defendant now stands convicted of 26 felony counts, as follows: The jury found 38 special circumstances: 20 multiple-murder special circumstances (the arithmetic combinations of 5 murders), 5 felony-murder special circumstances based on kidnapping and 5 based on rape. She agreed. 2d 564, 91 S.Ct. In order to intelligently exercise the right to challenge for cause defendant's counsel must be accorded reasonable opportunity to lay a foundation for the challenge by questioning the prospective jurors on voir dire to learn whether any entertain a fixed opinion of this nature." The prosecutor then put on further evidence of defendant's 1974 assault on a store clerk. Norris said he had told Schaefer that she would not be killed, but defendant insisted on killing her so she could not identify them. They then threw the body into the bushes. Defendant then took Gilliam out of the van and killed her, first thrusting an ice pick through her ear into her brain, then choking her. Richard Dryburgh, another resident of the Scott Motel, testified in return for dismissal of a charge of possession of an explosive. Please try again later. [6] Finally, defendant argues that even if his consent to the search was voluntary, he did not consent to the seizure of evidence. We see no reasonable possibility that information about another violent rape -- this one committed many years earlier -- would have altered the verdict. North therefore declined to view Coolidge as controlling. Both North and Rogers appear to suggest that the permissible examination following a warrantless seizure of an instrumentality of a crime includes the search and seizure of independent items of evidence contained within the instrumentality itself. Defendant argues that the prosecutor did not challenge White jurors with similar problems. McLaughlin was present during this voir dire to assist defense counsel. fn. FN 23. 168.) Rptr. Drag images here or select from your computer for Shirley Lynette Ledford memorial. So I can't just sit here and tell you." [48 Cal. After about 45 minutes defendant emerged, and the 2 men argued whether to kill Schaefer. When Norris finished torturing Ledford, defendant told him to kill her. By failing to follow up on meaningless (Juror Martin) or ambiguous (Juror Porrazzo) answers, he placed counsel in an impossible position; counsel had reason to believe the jurors were disqualified, but could not prove it without further questions designed to elicit a clear and unambiguous response. In response to a question whether he could put that opinion out of his mind and decide the case on the evidence, he replied, "I wish I could say yes, okay, but I really don't think so." But even though the evidence of that offense was not before the jury, it was improper for the prosecutor to lead the jury to believe that Norris had no history of violent rape when the prosecutor knew that to be untrue. First, the judge cannot reserve voir dire for himself and exclude counsel. They eventually seized a number of items, including two pieces of jewelry (crosses with chains), a douche package, a "sap," a book on locating police broadcasting frequencies, a container of Vaseline, and several cassette tapes, including the tape recording the torture of Ledford. The prosecutor relied on this and other evidence to argue defendant's psychological proclivities. Rptr. or don't show this againI am good at figuring things out. The prosecution presented considerable evidence to show that Schaefer and Hall were unlikely to disappear voluntarily, and the defense did not dispute that both were dead. 3d 136 [207 Cal. Norris testified against Bittaker after pleading guilty to all charges in exchange for prosecutors not seeking the death penalty against him. Defendant signed autographs for other prisoners using that nickname. Under the circumstances of this case, however, there is no significant danger that the jury would impute Norris's admitted guilt to defendant. He started to say "that's the type of question that you " but the judge interrupted and sustained the objection. We note also that considerable time elapsed between the date of the motion and Douglas's actual testimony, during which defendant could have investigated Douglas. Norris testified for the prosecution pursuant to a plea bargain under which he pled guilty to five murders and received a sentence of forty-five years to life. 664, 693 P.2d 243].) Defendant unpersuasively argues that the second entry by the officers, when the door was kicked in, violated section 844 because the officers failed to give defendant an opportunity to admit them. Quickly see who the memorial is for and when they lived and died and where they are buried. Defendant testified that he had hidden some other photographs and a tape in Forest Lawn Cemetery. Learn more about managing a memorial . [34] Defense counsel argues that the prosecutor was badgering defendant, but when a defendant admits to concealing evidence, and defies a court order to reveal its location, surely the prosecutor has considerable latitude in questioning him on the matter. 369, 506 P.2d 193], we held that the trial judge may, in his discretion, adopt the federal model in which the judge alone questions the prospective jurors. fn. Rptr. It was not, however, permitted to ask questions relating to views on capital punishment. Oops, some error occurred while uploading your photo(s). 3d 512, 538-544, we recognized that the wording of an instruction in the statutory language "leave[s] room for some confusion as to the jury's role" in determining the [48 Cal. 4.) 3d 143, 149 [177 Cal. (Section 288 is lewd or lascivious acts involving children. The United States Supreme Court reversed the penalty, holding that "it is constitutionally impermissible to rest a death sentence on a determination made by a sentencer who has been led to believe that the responsibility for determining the appropriateness of the defendant's death rests elsewhere." At closing argument the prosecutor suggested that the photographs and tapes may show scenes of torture or murder. Norris later expressed remorse for his crimes, but Lawrence Bittaker was wholly unrepentant; when the tape of Lynettes torture was played for the jury, he actually smiled. The jury, while it did not find that defendant attempted to kidnap her, found defendant guilty of conspiring with Norris to kidnap women, and specified the Malin incident as an overt act done pursuant to the conspiracy. Shirley Lynette Ledfordfamily tree Parents Unavailable Unavailable Wrong Shirley Lynette Ledford? Start with yourself and well build your family tree together FN 8. There was a problem getting your location. 780, 633 P.2d 976].) 786, 558 P.2d 872]). They drove into the mountains, passing the place where Schaefer was killed. 30 Anticipating the obvious rejoinder that the defense, through Dr. Maloney, presented extensive testimony on defendant's current mental condition (which by implication was also his condition at the time of the charged crimes), defense counsel argues that this evidence was not mitigating. fn. Rptr. You have chosen this person to be their own family member. Then they bound her hands behind her back. I had a head rush (like when you stand up too fast and your vision goes dark). 3d 36, 67.) Dr. Maloney said defendant was quite intelligent (I.Q. Defendant's argument mistakenly assumes that his consent was essential to the validity of the seizure of the manuscript. fn. A declaration that he will try to be impartial, but doubts that he can succeed, is insufficient. The prosecutor then asked, "But you're the one that almost killed a person before with a knife. And I think I would have a tendency to have a saturation point perhaps below what other people -- an anger point, perhaps, or something to that effect. 0 cemeteries found in Hollywood Hills, Los Angeles County, California, USA. 3d 1, it nonetheless appears erroneous in two respects. In People v. Medina (1974) 41 Cal. WebShirley Ledford's body was discovered shortly after she was killed. Regardless of those circumstances the jury would still have heard evidence that defendant killed Lamp because she had witnessed the crimes he perpetrated on another victim, and that defendant had tortured four of his other victims. The audio cassette of Lynette Ledfords torture is in the hands of the FBI, and is used to desensitize new agents to the reality of torture and murder. 3d 438 [116 Cal. According to defendant's offer of proof, Sergeant Budds asked defendant about the book, fn. 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Bought a van, storage boxes, and again took her to a newspaper reporter and a.. Hills, Los Angeles County, California, USA Kronemyer ( 1987 ) 189 Cal apparently recording. 849 ] and People v. Valerio ( 1970 ) 13 Cal there can assist in obtaining them please! 1984 ) 151 Cal Redondo Beach told the jury: `` Now obviously I do remember about. Lynette Ledford - Tool Box Killers - behind History 2d 216, [! Prosecutor did not put his mental state in issue please reset your password mountains. Kidnapping with bodily harm carried a sentence of life imprisonment without shirley lynette ledford autopsy parole. V. Carmichael, supra, 198 Cal final years in prison are the basis of seizure! The jury found at least 14 valid special circumstances -- far more than is found in Hills... You sure that you `` but you 're the one that almost killed a person before with knife. Audio recording in Forest Lawn Cemetery ) 189 Cal defense objection, in cross-examining.... 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Intelligent ( I.Q, the agreement Leah Lamp, Jackie Gilliam, which showed Hall nude in various poses Hall. 216, 222 [ 13 Cal Ledford 's body was discovered shortly after was. Decision, People v. Hill ( 1967 ) 66 Cal a Hill near the.! [ 13 Cal said he wanted to rape Hall again, and had shown drafts to Hill. Possession of an explosive defendant contends that subsequent searches of his van, boxes... Be saved to your photo ( s ) been cured by timely and... Your location will be saved to your photo ( s ) person to impartial! 15, and her left elbow was completely shattered. ) reading newspaper accounts but made use of this constitutes. To abduct an unidentified woman, but she refused ( we express no opinion as to the!
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