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Any other combination of means and goals is deviant in one way or another. Since broken windows theory argues that small deviance now can become serious crime in the future, there is a need to be vigilant by the neighborhood and police. a persons commitment to conventional norms is also likely to lessen criminality. individuals follow rules when they have the opportunity to do so, and break rules when they do not. All crime is deviance but not all deviance is crime. But what is the difference in conformity, deviance, and crime? Sociologists often use their understanding of deviance to help explain otherwise ordinary events, such as tattooing or body piercing, eating disorders, or drug and alcohol use. a. Modes of action that do not conform to the norms or values held by most members of a group or society. This is a racialized issue because although most people of all races, study show, use illegal drugs at roughly the same rates, black and brown people who are mostly targeted for crimes and who end up in jail more. Gottfredson and Hirschi's general theory of crime, All norms carry sanctions-mode of reward / punishment that reinforces Multiple Choice . It can be used to explain why some people resort to criminal trades simply in order to survive in an economically unequal society. Criminal behavior is learned through association with others who engage in Strain theory, social disorganization theory, and cultural deviance theory represent three functionalist perspectives on deviance in society. Deviance has several functions: (a) it clarifies norms and increases conformity, (b) it strengthens social bonds among the people reacting to the deviant, and (c) it can help lead to positive social change. Stanley Milgram created a highly controversial and often replicated study, the Milgram experiment, where he focused on how long participants would listen to and obey orders from the experimenter. Harvard psychologist Herbert Kelman identified three major types of conformity: compliance, identification, and internalization. Likewise, prisoners were hostile to and resented their guards, and because of the psychological duress induced in the experiment, it had to be shut down after only 6 days. However, it also created very serious problems. Many young, working class men especially had internalised the desire to achieve material success (they wanted cars and nice clothes for example), but the only way they could meet these goals was through crime. Why are certain behaviors labeled as deviant? Never a complete consensus, Deviance = function The subjectivity of deviance (and, to a lesser extent, crime) is particularly . It is possible to apply Mertons theory of anomie to explain White Collar Crime white collar criminals (those who commit fraud at work, for example) might be those who are committed to achieving material success, but have had their opportunities for promotion blocked by lack of opportunities possible through class, gender or ethnic bias, or possible just by the simple fact that the higher up the career ladder you go, the more competition for promotion there is. Crime implies any illegal act or omission, which amounts to the violation of the law, often prosecuted by the state and punishable by law. . Focus- deviance is a socially constructed phenomenon Because broken windows theory takes a lot of vigilance, people who are afraid of crime are more likely to see crime when there is really nothing. Some forms of deviance are considered highly problematic and could have very serious consequences. Norms guide almost all human activities, so the concept of deviance is quite broad. this opportunity leads people to _____ to commit acts of deviance and crime. 7.2 Theoretical Perspectives on Deviance and Crime. 73% of arrestees were men Forms of behavior that are highly esteemed by one group are regarded negatively by others. Same as learned conventional behaviors, Labeling theory (Howard Becker) When norms become codified and enforced by a political authority, they become laws. owning private property. number of people in a community or society. Multiple Choice . Kevin Mitnick "world's most celebrated computer hacker" Hacker culture has grown since the 1980s We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. . occurs when an individual accepts the label of deviant and acts accordingly. Some forms of deviance are considered small and tolerable. On average people conformed one-third of the time, even in situations where the correct answer was obvious. General strain theory. Subcultural theorists argued that the role of working class subcultures plugs this gap in the explanation deviant subcultures provide rewards for individuals who commit crime. Q. Rape, robbery, and aggravated assault are example of. 145-160): Springer. People who are observed committing more serious acts of deviance are typically punished, either informally or formally. For example, people tend to follow social norms when eating or watching television, regardless of whether others are present. . Sociologists stress social context, not just individual behavior. In sociology, deviance isn't an insult. In such a situation there is a strain between the goals and the means to achieve those goals, and some people turn to crime in order to achieve success. True False . Criminology, Vol 4, Iss 2. The (2009) applies Mertons strain theory to explain rising crime rates during a period of economic growth in Malaysia, suggesting we can apply this theory to developing countries and that a general theory of crime may thus be possible. Thus, if one believes that it is important to be honest and hardworking, they wont steal, for example. Conformity and deviance are two responses to real or imagined pressures from others. Labelling theory claims that deviance and conformity results not so much from what people do but from how others respond to those actions, it highlights social responses to crime and deviance Macionis and Plummer, (2005).Deviant behaviour is therefore socially constructed. Deviance and social norms vary among societies, communities, and times, and often sociologists are interested in why these differences . Philip Bourgeois (1996) In search of respect shows us that some of the most despised criminals have actually internalised Mertons success goals. condemned by society. This led to a lot of people and situations being labeled as criminals, when they in fact were not. The logic behind this is that if the potential criminal sees a high likelihood of getting caught and a harsh punishment, then they wont commit the crime. 296 Views Download Presentation. What is deviance? For example in a situation when one orders a person to kill another innocent person and he or she does this willingly, it is a sin. This has resulted in many of these lives being permanently damaged. For example . class, Caution Perhaps Any unexpected behavior or behavior that violates social norms can be seen as deviant. Laws-norms defined by governments This article highlights the key differences . Income Inequality in the UK Some Infographics, The Continuing Relevance of Strain Theory, Crime and Deviance Revision Bundle for Sale, All My A Level Sociology Revision Resources, The Functionalist Perspective on the Family, Feminist Theory: A Summary for A-Level Sociology, The Functionalist Perspective on Crime and Deviance, Positivism and Interpretivism in Social Research, Environmental problems and sustainable development, Social Action Theory (Interpretivism and Interactionism), Social class, wealth and income inequalities. Conformity is opposite to social deviance which implies obedience to the norms that make a person acceptable in a particular society, group, or social setting. competition among employees. b. This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. They would argue that deviance is a necessary part of the process by which social order is achieved and maintained. It is simply more than nonconformity, however; it is behavior that departs significantly from social expectations. Certain social and physical characteristics of urban neighborhoods contribute to high crime rates. Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo@libretexts.orgor check out our status page at https://status.libretexts.org. At the very core of the matter are 4 important factors: a persons bond with other people who are conventionally law-abiding. The concept of conformity was also used by Robert Merton (1957) to refer to acceptance of cultural goals and the legitimate or approved means of achieving them. crime The results showed a surprisingly high degree of conformity: 76% of the students conformed on at least one trial, giving the wrong answer to match the answer of the confederates (who they perceived as actual students). 2021-22, Piling Larang Akademik 12 Q1 Mod4 Pagsulat Ng Memorandum Adyenda at Katitikan ng Pulong ver3, Kami Export - Athan Rassekhi - Unit 1 The Living World AP Exam Review, Leadership class , week 3 executive summary, I am doing my essay on the Ted Talk titaled How One Photo Captured a Humanitie Crisis https, School-Plan - School Plan of San Juan Integrated School, SEC-502-RS-Dispositions Self-Assessment Survey T3 (1), Techniques DE Separation ET Analyse EN Biochimi 1, Notes over lecture on conformity, deviance, and crime, subculture whose values differ substantially, social norms lose their hold over individual behavior, Chapter 1 Sociology Basic Concepts and Theories, Sociology Final - Lecture notes All Lectures, Chapter 8 Stratification, Class, and Inequality, Chapter 4 Sociology - Lecture notes 10-12, Chapter 6 Sociology - Lecture notes 16-18, Chapter 2 Sociology Theories and Theorists. Dependent on reporting, National crime victimization survey 7.1.2B: Conformity and Obedience is shared under a CC BY-SA 1.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by LibreTexts. . From this standpoint, the societal reaction to deviant behavior suggests that social groups actually create deviance by making the rules whose infraction constitutes deviance, and by applying those rules to particular people and labeling them as outsiders. Agnew, R., Cullen, F. T., Burton Jr, V. S., Evans, T. D., & Dunaway, R. G . d. -Views crime as the outcome of an imbalance between impulses toward criminal activity and controls that stop it. For example, some people turn to crime for the culturally accepted value of seeking to lead a wealthy life. Would one who commits suicide in the face of a terminal illness be judged differently from a despondent person who jumps from a window? answer. Positive sanctions (rewards) can also be large or small. Outline labelling theory and consider its usefulness in understanding youth crime and anti-social behaviour in Britain today. Secondly, Mertons reliance on official statistics means he over-estimates the extent of working class crime and underestimates the extent of middle class, or white collar crime. Merton argued that when individuals are faced with a gap between their goals (usually finances/money related) and their current status, strain occurs. Introduction to Sociology: Deviance and Conformity * National Recidivism Rates for Prisoners Released in 1983 and 1994 Introduction to Sociology: Deviance and Conformity * Crime and Punishment (cont'd) There is an ongoing debate about the role of punishment in the criminal justice system, a collection of social institutions (legislatures . In the sociological perspective on deviance, there is a subtlety that distinguishes it from our commonsense understanding of the same behavior. In some cases, this social influence might involve agreeing with or acting like the majority of people in a specific group, or it might involve behaving in a particular way in order to be perceived as "normal" by the group. Crime is an act and deviance is a behavior. Manush is a recent graduate from a prestigious university in California who is looking for a job opportunity as a real estate agent. By that, we mean that this theory focuses on how we make sense of our actions and behaviors by interpreting the meaning of those symbols and behaviors. Documentation. Sociologists who follow the functionalist approach are concerned with the way the different elements of a society contribute to the whole. If those are too harsh, then the person wont commit the crime, according to control theory. Rise in security- safer or more fearful? - Criminal and "respectable" behavior are not distinct; more on a spectrum refusal to work. ThoughtCo. The rewards or punishments that reinforce social norms. After decades of classification as an illegal substance, marijuana is now legal in some form in nearly every state in the country. -An interpretation of the development of criminal behavior proposed by Edwin H. Sutherland, according to whom criminal behavior is learned through association with others who regularly engage in crime. Overly dependent on drug trade Not written or documented. Explanations for this continuance They could be looking for an answer to a nagging question. The costs include how likely they are to get caught committing the crime, and how harsh the punishment would be if they are caught. _____ to control this broken window-induced opportunity for deviance is to aggressively enforce laws against minor crimes such as traffic violations and drinking and drug use in public Deviance. Underreported crimes committed by women . 03 Discuss and explain sociological theories of deviance from each of the major sociological perspectives. Travis Hirschi, one of the best known control theorists, argues that people are calculating individuals. Crime implies any illegal act or omission, which amounts to the violation of the law, often prosecuted by the state and . Less than 50% of violent crime was reported, Pervasive fear of violent crime Conformity - The idea and concept of adhering and conforming to certain social norms . All. The American Dream encouraged individuals to pursue a goal of success which was largely measured in terms of the acquisition of wealth and material possessions. Merton reasoned that when society fails people in this way, they engage in deviant or criminal acts in order to achieve those goals (like economic success, for example). In addition, a lot of federal money was given in the form of grants to local police departments who would concentrate their efforts in fighting drugs. The other classical study on obedience was conducted at Stanford University during the 1970s. (A) Find a linear model for the depreciated value $V$ of the tractor $f$ years after it was purchased. While he already has samples provided by his friends, he still feels something lacking in his resume. chapter outline the social crime and deviance - subcultural approach, crime and deviance - interactionist approach. social control is primarily conceived in the context of the control of deviance and/or crime . Your email address will not be published. HOWEVER, Merton argued that for those from lower social classes, this dream had become an ideology, masking the fact that the legitimate opportunities are not available to all, and worse, those who failed to achieve success via legitimate means were condemned for their apparent lack of effort. Finally, labeling theoryserves as an important frame for those who study deviance and crime. More men in prison In revising his resume, iwritegigs highlighted his soft skills such as his communication skills, ability to negotiate, patience and tactfulness. a person who is involved in conventional activities has little time to commit crimes. A social actor exercising deviant behaviors runs the risk of being labeled a deviant. What is regarded as deviant is as variable as the norms and values that distinguish different cultures and subcultures from one another. Unlock the answer. USA A collection of fascinating insights into acts of deviance so wide and varied that conformity appears to . This lesson introduces the sociology of deviance and crime. Big in the 1980s/1990s Key Points. Structural strain theory was developed by American sociologist Robert K. Merton and suggests that deviant behavior is the result of strain an individual may experience when the community or society in which they live does not provide the necessary means to achieve culturally valued goals. Chapter 4 Social Interaction and Everyday Life, Chapter 5 Conformity, Deviance and Crime, Chapter 6 Stratification, Class and Inequality, Many thanks for the killer business plan we worked on. When individuals and groups deviate from norms, society responds. Identification is conforming to someone who is liked and respected, such as a celebrity or a favorite uncle. (D) Graph $V$ for $0 \leq t \leq 20$ and illustrate the answers from parts $(B)$ and $(C)$ on the graph. That is to say, we have norms that prescribe all of our behavior throughout our days. Underlying 'hacker ethic" For recent graduates, they might be looking for ways on how to prepare a comprehensive resume that can capture the attention of the hiring manager. Strain theory has become popular with Contemporary sociologists. The farmer uses a constant rate of depreciation (commonly called straight-line depreciation-one of several methods permitted by the IRS) to determine the annual value of the tractor. Five possible types We all follow norms. Crime is behavior that is considered so serious that it violates formal laws prohibiting such behavior. He saw this as a sign or disorder in his neighborhood and acted out or proportion, killing Trayvon, who was only walking back to see his dad in a house down the street. I will surely bring some clients your way!, Thanks for all your help in bringing my website back to life. chapter 7 deviance and crime. modern societies Cheers! Less constrained Thirdly, Strain theory only really explains economic crime, it doesnt really explain violent crime. I wish I had met your earlier, I could have saved tons of work hours., We can never be thankful enough iwritegigs.com for helping us with our business. Crime is a result of a strain between legitimate goals and lack of opportunities to achieve those goals. Thus, neighborhoods were quick to call 911 or the police as soon as any sign of disorder was observed. Society does not regulat e itself, bu t not all efforts to . Social strain typology, developed by Robert K. Merton, is based upon two criteria: (1) a person's motivations or adherence to cultural goals; (2) a person's belief in how to attain her goals. Some researchers- most delinquent youth arise from lower working Labeling theory is an interactionist theory. Groups that adopt norms that encourage criminal behavior This allows us to interpret the act as something negative and shameful. This means that allowing small signs of disorder might somehow result in more serious crimes being committed in the neighborhood later on in time. (B) What is the depreciated value of the tractor after $6$ years? - Policies affecting individuals after prison, The Death Penalty 04 Define and give examples . deviance: nudity and bizarre clothing. Not as good an ideal as people think, Deviance is a by-product of economic inequalities Only one individual in the group was a true student, however the rest were confederates, or actors that were pretending to be students, but knew the true aim of the study. Updated on April 23, 2018. We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. In sum, deviance is a violation of a norm. Giddens and Sutton (2017) Essential Concepts in Sociology, This post offers a useful discussion and evaluation of Strain Theory. The Milgram study found that participants would obey orders even when it posed severe harm to others. Privacy, Difference Between Civil Law and Criminal Law, Difference Between Cognizable and Non-Cognizable Offence, Difference Between Indian Penal Code (IPC) and Criminal Procedure Code (CrPC). It is by paying attention and studying the people who are doing the labeling that we might get a better understanding of the crime. - Post 9/ The rewards of conformity are available only to those who can pursue approved goals through approved means. Functionalists' argument- crime depends on the social institutions of Conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreatism, rebellion, Relative deprivation-the depravation a person feels when comparing . Strain Theory argues that crime occurs when there arent enough legitimate opportunities for people to achieve the normal success goals of a society. Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for Shades of Deviance : A Primer on Crime, Deviance and Social Harm by Tammy Ayres (2022, Trade Paperback) at the best online prices at eBay! Examples of conformity in everyday society include driving on the left side of the road (or the right side depending on the country), greeting other people with a 'hello' when we see them, forming queues at bus stops, and eating with a knife and fork. Obedience is a form of social influence in which a person accepts instructions or orders from an authority figure. argues that frustrated boys in the lower working class often join delinquent subcultures, such as gangs. officers because of their domestic roles in time. As against, police and judiciary are there to control the crime in society by punishing the wrongdoer. The U.S. Criminal Justice System. Deviance and crime are both socially constructed, but crime is defined as committing an action that breaks the law which is punishable by both fines and imprisonment. This can be motivated by the attractiveness of the source, and this is a deeper type of conformism than compliance. Certain social and physical characteristics of urban neighborhoods contribute to high crime rates. Deviance alludes to a behaviour, which does not adhere to the norms and values of the society and if it is discovered, it may result in negative sanctions. Suggests that any social disorder, even the appearance of a broken window, encourages more serious crime. Crime implies any illegal act or omission, which amounts to the violation of the law, often prosecuted by the state and punishable by law. Labeling theory -argues that people become deviant because certain labels are attached to their behavior by political authorities and others. central the individual & society part i: conformity & deviance, crime and deviance sociology presentation, crime and deviance - functionalist approach. Monday, March 12, 2018 1:46 PM In the Stanford Prison Experiment, college-age students were put into a pseudo prison environment in order to study the impacts of social forces on participants behavior. Sociologists who study deviance and crime examine cultural norms, how they change over time, how they are enforced, and what happens to individuals and societies when norms are broken. holding morals and values that are consistent with conventional tentes of society. what is deviance? answer choices. Stanley Milgram created a highly controversial and often replicated study of obedience. Crime is behaviour that breaks the formal written laws of a society. Inability to form same relations with politicians, Mass Incarceration Mertons Strain Theory is taught as part of consensus theory within the A-level sociology Crime and Deviance syllabus. Sign of disorder might somehow result in more serious crimes being committed in the sociological perspective on deviance there! Samples provided by his friends, he still feels something lacking in resume... That stop it observed committing more serious crime: a persons bond with people! University during the 1970s would one who commits suicide in the face a. Our commonsense understanding of the crime better understanding of the time, even in where. The sociological perspective on deviance, there is a form of social influence in which a person instructions... This post offers a useful discussion and evaluation of Strain theory argues that people become because. The different elements of a terminal illness be judged differently from a despondent person who is involved conventional! Of opportunities to achieve those goals norms guide almost all human activities, so the concept of and/or! Holding morals and values that are highly esteemed by one group are regarded negatively others! Between impulses toward conformity, deviance and crime activity and controls that stop it many of these lives being permanently.... Encourages more serious acts of deviance ( and, to a nagging question the violation of a.. Do so, and often sociologists are interested in why these differences and behaviour... Achieve those goals of seeking to lead a wealthy life = function the subjectivity of deviance and crime is and. Conformed one-third of the time, even the appearance of a Strain between legitimate goals lack! These lives being permanently damaged not all efforts to 9/ the rewards of conformity are available only to who! The control of deviance from each of the control of deviance from of! In conventional activities has little time to commit acts of deviance and social norms when eating or television... Achieve the normal success goals or behavior that are highly esteemed by one group are regarded negatively others! In his resume esteemed by one group are regarded negatively by others labeling theoryserves as an frame! This lesson introduces the sociology of deviance are considered small and tolerable itself, bu t not efforts! Is as variable as the norms and values that are consistent with conventional of... Of whether others are present follow the functionalist approach are concerned with the way the different of... Are there to control the crime, according to control theory friends, conformity, deviance and crime still feels something lacking in resume. National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and assault!, Caution Perhaps any unexpected behavior or behavior that is considered so serious it., Thanks for all your help in bringing my website back to life central the individual society... Deviance so wide and varied that conformity appears to behaviour that breaks the formal written laws of Strain. ) is particularly norms carry sanctions-mode of reward / punishment that reinforces Multiple Choice that it violates formal prohibiting... To criminal trades simply in order to survive in an economically unequal society conventionally law-abiding a subtlety that distinguishes from! ; it is by paying attention and studying the people who are the... An economically unequal society persons commitment to conventional norms is also likely to lessen.. % of arrestees were men forms of behavior that are highly esteemed by one group are negatively..., so the concept of deviance is a result of a group or society distinguish different and. - functionalist approach are concerned with the way the different elements of a broken window, encourages more crime! Isn & # x27 ; t an insult conducted at Stanford university during the 1970s Policies affecting after! And values that are highly esteemed by one group are regarded negatively by others behavior throughout days! The act as something negative and shameful being permanently damaged found that participants obey! Prescribe all of our behavior throughout our days social crime and deviance are considered highly problematic and could have serious. Is as variable as the norms or values held by most members of a society often prosecuted by attractiveness! Is involved in conventional activities has little time to commit crimes is the difference conformity. Not regulat e itself, bu t not all efforts to crime is an act deviance... We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, times! Any other combination of means and goals is deviant in one way or another every state in neighborhood... University during the 1970s a complete consensus, deviance, crime and anti-social behaviour in today! When eating or watching television, regardless of whether others are present committed in the working... Those who can pursue approved goals through approved means it posed severe to! Groups deviate from norms, society responds who can pursue approved goals through approved means and break rules when in! Such behavior call 911 or the police as soon as any sign of disorder might somehow in. Activities has little time to commit acts of deviance are considered small and.... Bu t not all efforts to their behavior by political authorities and others theory -argues that people deviant! Elements of a norm 4 important factors: a persons commitment to conventional norms is also likely to criminality... Tend to follow social norms vary among societies, communities, and 1413739 context of the source, and is... Action that do not conform to the norms or values held by most of... The different elements of a conformity, deviance and crime usefulness in understanding youth crime and deviance - interactionist approach respect shows us some... Are attached to their behavior by political authorities and others that breaks the formal written of. Individual accepts the label of deviant and acts accordingly identified three major types of conformity are only! Recent graduate from a despondent person who is looking for an answer to a lot of people situations. Deviance isn & # x27 ; t an insult activities, so the concept deviance... 1246120, 1525057, and break rules when they in fact were not behavior! The law, often prosecuted by the state and would one who commits suicide in the context the... Simply more than nonconformity, however ; it is simply more than nonconformity, however ; is!, so the concept of deviance is quite broad, argues that crime occurs when arent... Formal laws prohibiting such behavior that crime occurs when an individual accepts the label of deviant acts... The depreciated value of the same behavior is as variable as the outcome conformity, deviance and crime an imbalance impulses! From norms, society responds led to a nagging question an insult appearance a... Differently from a window to interpret the act as something negative and shameful Mertons success goals wont... Person who is liked and respected, such as gangs economically unequal society robbery, and 1413739 high... Or watching television, regardless of whether others are present at the very core of the major sociological perspectives conformity! By paying attention and studying the people who are observed committing more serious crime as any sign of disorder observed. Certain labels are attached to their behavior by political authorities and others,! Not written or documented situations being labeled as criminals, when they have opportunity. Situations being labeled as criminals, when they have the opportunity to do,! The whole is behaviour that breaks the formal written laws of a broken,... Is behavior that violates social norms can be motivated by the state.... By one group are regarded negatively by others identified three major types of conformity: compliance, identification, 1413739. Of conformity are available only to those who can pursue approved goals through approved means consensus! The norms or values held by most members of a society varied that conformity appears to break rules they... Answer to a lesser extent, crime ) is particularly might somehow in! Criminals, when they in fact were not labels are attached to behavior. The people who are observed committing more serious crime is looking for an answer to a question! Part i: conformity & deviance, there is a behavior, tend. Is by paying attention and studying the people who are conventionally law-abiding are observed committing more serious being! Still feels something lacking in his resume turn to crime for the culturally accepted value of seeking to a... Men forms of deviance and/or crime in why these differences highly esteemed by one group are negatively! Could have very serious consequences in Britain today in one way or...., it doesnt really explain violent crime appearance of a society these.. Permanently damaged crimes being committed in the lower working class often join delinquent,! Follow the functionalist approach fact were not those goals understanding youth crime and deviance subcultural! By paying attention and studying the people who are conventionally law-abiding or orders from an figure... Paying attention and studying the people who are doing the labeling that we might get a better understanding of process..., society responds harm to others ) in search of respect shows us that some of the tractor $! Suicide in the neighborhood later on in time that frustrated boys in the of! General theory of crime, it doesnt really explain violent crime allows us interpret! Social and physical characteristics of urban neighborhoods contribute to the violation of the process which! Their behavior by political authorities and others help in bringing my website back to life concept of deviance each!, communities, and break rules when they have the opportunity to do so, and aggravated assault are of... Responses to real or imagined pressures from others the lower working labeling theory -argues that people calculating! When eating or watching television, regardless of whether others are present enough legitimate for. Become deviant because certain labels are attached to their behavior by political authorities others!

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